Pericarditis
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. It often causes sharp chest pain that may improve when leaning forward and worsen when lying down.
Overview
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. It often causes sharp chest pain that may improve when leaning forward and worsen when lying down.
Understand this condition
The heart is protected by a two-layered sac called the pericardium. In pericarditis, these layers become inflamed and rub against each other like sandpaper. This irritation causes the characteristic sharp pain felt in the chest.
Why it happens
The immune system often triggers inflammation in response to a virus or injury. As the layers swell, they may secrete extra fluid, which can sometimes compress the heart. This process usually resolves as the underlying trigger is treated or the immune response calms.
Real-world scenarios
- •This often appears as a sudden, sharp pain after a viral illness.
- •People may notice pain that worsens when taking a deep breath.
- •This often feels better when sitting up and leaning forward.
- •People may notice a dull ache that spreads to the left shoulder.
Common vs serious explanations
- •Muscle strain in the chest wall
- •Acid reflux or heartburn symptoms
- •Generalized anxiety or stress-related chest tension
- •A viral respiratory infection with a lingering cough
- Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lung)
- Aortic dissection (tear in the main artery)
- Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Symptoms
Click any symptom to analyzeCauses
- •Viral infections (most common)
- •Bacterial or fungal infections
- •Autoimmune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
- •Complication of a heart attack
- •Chest trauma or injury
Risk factors
- •Recent viral infection
- •History of heart surgery
- •Chronic inflammatory conditions
- •Chest injury
How it progresses
3 stages- Stage 1 — EarlyMild or intermittent symptoms; easily mistaken for something minor.Often missed
- Stage 2 — ProgressiveSymptoms become more frequent or severe.
- Stage 3 — EstablishedDaily life affected; medical care strongly recommended.
How it's diagnosed
- •Physical exam (listening for friction rub)
- •Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
- •Echocardiogram
- •Chest X-ray or CT scan
- •Blood tests (CRP, ESR, troponin)
Treatment options
General educational information only — no dosage advice. Always follow guidance from a qualified clinician.
- •Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- •Colchicine to prevent recurrence
- •Corticosteroids for resistant cases
- •Treatment of underlying causes
- •Rest and limited physical activity
- •Staying hydrated
- •Taking prescribed medications as directed
- •Monitoring for worsening symptoms
- •Pericardiocentesis (draining fluid)
Complications
- •Long-term damage if untreated
- •Heart strain
- •Reduced oxygen delivery
- •Risk of cardiac event
- •Recurrence of pericarditis
Prevention
- •Don't smoke
- •Stay physically active
- •Manage blood pressure and cholesterol
When to seek help
- •Symptoms persist beyond a few days
- •Symptoms interfere with daily activities
- •New or worsening symptoms appear
- •Concerning changes related to pericarditis
- Shortness of breath at rest
- Fainting or severe dizziness
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Extreme swelling in legs or abdomen
- Signs of cardiac tamponade
In any emergency, call your local emergency number or go to the nearest emergency department.
Real-world questions
- ›Can Pericarditis feel like a heart attack?
- ›Can Pericarditis cause headaches?
- ›Is Pericarditis reversible?
- ›How quickly does Pericarditis progress?
- ›Is Pericarditis hereditary?
Compare conditions
Explore related symptoms
Frequently asked questions
Possible causes of Pericarditis include Viral infections (most common), Bacterial or fungal infections, Autoimmune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), Complication of a heart attack.
Pericarditis can be serious and may require prompt medical attention, especially if symptoms are severe or worsening.
Duration varies between individuals. Many cases improve with appropriate care, while others may persist longer and require ongoing management.
Pericarditis typically benefits from medical evaluation and should not be ignored.
Consider seeing a clinician if symptoms are severe, persistent, worsening, or if you have any concerns related to general.
Sources
Information based on general medical references such as:
Last reviewed: May 2026