Otitis externa
Otitis externa, commonly known as swimmer's ear, is an inflammation or infection of the outer ear canal. It often occurs when moisture remains in the ear, creating an environment for bacteria or fungi to grow.
Overview
Otitis externa, commonly known as swimmer's ear, is an inflammation or infection of the outer ear canal. It often occurs when moisture remains in the ear, creating an environment for bacteria or fungi to grow.
Symptoms
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Causes
- •Excess moisture in the ear canal
- •Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas)
- •Trauma from cotton swabs or fingernails
- •Irritants such as hairspray or earplugs
Risk factors
- •Frequent swimming or water exposure
- •Narrow ear canals
- •Skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis
- •Aggressive ear cleaning habits
How it progresses
3 stages- OnsetSymptoms appear, often triggered by a known cause.Often missed
- Active phaseSymptoms peak; self-care or short treatment usually helps.
- ResolutionSymptoms ease over days to weeks with proper care.
How it's diagnosed
- •Physical exam with an otoscope
- •Ear canal swab for culture
- •Review of medical history and symptoms
Treatment options
General educational information only — no dosage advice. Always follow guidance from a qualified clinician.
- •Antibiotic ear drops
- •Corticosteroid drops to reduce swelling
- •Antifungal medications if applicable
- •Professional ear canal cleaning by a doctor
- •Keeping the ear dry during recovery
- •Applying a warm compress to the area
- •Pain relief with over-the-counter medication
- •Avoiding swimming or earbuds temporarily
Complications
- •Reduced quality of life
- •Worsening symptoms over time
- •Recurrence of otitis externa
Prevention
- •Maintain a healthy lifestyle
- •See a clinician for routine check-ups
When to seek help
- •Symptoms persist beyond a few days
- •Symptoms interfere with daily activities
- •New or worsening symptoms appear
- •Concerning changes related to otitis externa
- High fever
- Severe pain spreading to the face or neck
- Redness or swelling of the outer ear (pinna)
- Severe dizziness or hearing loss
In any emergency, call your local emergency number or go to the nearest emergency department.
Real-world questions
- ›Can Otitis externa cause headaches?
- ›Is Otitis externa reversible?
- ›How quickly does Otitis externa progress?
- ›Is Otitis externa hereditary?
- ›Can Otitis externa be prevented?
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Frequently asked questions
Possible causes of Otitis externa include Excess moisture in the ear canal, Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas), Trauma from cotton swabs or fingernails, Irritants such as hairspray or earplugs.
Otitis externa is generally moderate, but severity can vary. Seek care if symptoms are severe or persistent.
Duration varies between individuals. Many cases improve with appropriate care, while others may persist longer and require ongoing management.
Some milder cases may improve with rest and self-care. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare professional.
Consider seeing a clinician if symptoms are severe, persistent, worsening, or if you have any concerns related to general.
Sources
Information based on general medical references such as:
Last reviewed: May 2026